does the data source connection have embedded credentials?  If not, I'm not sure what will occur, maybe it will be the above error, or it should prompt you for a password.

not really without more information about your environment.  Are you running a single node instance or a distributed cluster?  If it's the latter, then ensure that the SQL Server driver is installed on all nodes.

It may be good to temporarily install TD within your single node QA environment and see if you can open the workbook successfully within the desktop.  This narrows down the options to some kind of firewall rule issue, or whitelisting, or credentials.

Srikanth Maddela Jeff has a fantastic suggestion! Testing using Desktop on Server is likely the first thing that Tableau Technical Support will have you do and will shed a lot of light onto what is going on. If you can successfully publish and view from Tableau Desktop running on the computer where Tableau Server is installed, the issue is likely outside of the Tableau application. If it doesn't work, the error message may provide additional information about what is preventing the workbook from opening.

Thanks and hope this helps!

Assuming drivers are installed on the computer, I would suggest validating the Run As User account has permissions to reach that database server and then testing again. If there is still an error, then you can ether contact Tableau Technical Support or see if you can look into the logs and potentially find out what's wrong. Tracing the Request ID (in the original error it's "WA@YJgoIrgIAACoIiJ4AAAJI") into the VizPortal logs may shed some light on why that error is being received. Logs aren't easy to read and if you spend more then 10-20 minutes trying to find out what's going on, it would likely be better to open a support case.

Hope this helps!